You can interact with this notebook online: Launch notebook

Quickstart for TARDIS

Every simulation run requires atomic data and a configuration file.

Atomic Data

We recommend using the kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5 dataset.

[1]:
from tardis.io.atom_data import download_atom_data
[2]:
download_atom_data('kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He')
Atomic Data kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He already exists in /home/runner/Downloads/tardis-data/kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5. Will not download - override with force_download=True.

You can also obtain a copy of the atomic data from the tardis-refdata repository.

Example Configuration File

The configuration file tardis_example.yml is used throughout this Quickstart.

[3]:
!wget -q -nc https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tardis-sn/tardis/master/docs/tardis_example.yml
[4]:
!cat tardis_example.yml
# Example YAML configuration for TARDIS
tardis_config_version: v1.0

supernova:
  luminosity_requested: 9.44 log_lsun
  time_explosion: 13 day

atom_data: kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5

model:
  structure:
    type: specific
    velocity:
      start: 1.1e4 km/s
      stop: 20000 km/s
      num: 20
    density:
      type: branch85_w7

  abundances:
    type: uniform
    O: 0.19
    Mg: 0.03
    Si: 0.52
    S: 0.19
    Ar: 0.04
    Ca: 0.03

plasma:
  disable_electron_scattering: no
  ionization: lte
  excitation: lte
  radiative_rates_type: dilute-blackbody
  line_interaction_type: macroatom

montecarlo:
  seed: 23111963
  no_of_packets: 4.0e+4
  iterations: 20
  nthreads: 1

  last_no_of_packets: 1.e+5
  no_of_virtual_packets: 10

  convergence_strategy:
    type: damped
    damping_constant: 1.0
    threshold: 0.05
    fraction: 0.8
    hold_iterations: 3
    t_inner:
      damping_constant: 0.5

spectrum:
  start: 500 angstrom
  stop: 20000 angstrom
  num: 10000

Running the Simulation

To run the simulation, import the run_tardis function and create the sim object.

[5]:
from tardis import run_tardis

Note:

Get more information about the progress bars, logging configuration, and convergence plots.

[6]:
sim = run_tardis("tardis_example.yml",
                 virtual_packet_logging=True,
                 show_convergence_plots=True,
                 export_convergence_plots=True,
                 log_level="INFO")
[tardis.io.model.parse_atom_data][INFO   ]

        Reading Atomic Data from kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5 (parse_atom_data.py:40)
[tardis.io.atom_data.util][INFO   ]

        Atom Data kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5 not found in local path.
        Exists in TARDIS Data repo /home/runner/Downloads/tardis-data/kurucz_cd23_chianti_H_He.h5 (util.py:34)
[tardis.io.atom_data.base][INFO   ]
        Reading Atom Data with: UUID = 6f7b09e887a311e7a06b246e96350010 MD5  = 864f1753714343c41f99cb065710cace  (base.py:262)
[tardis.io.atom_data.base][INFO   ]
        Non provided Atomic Data: synpp_refs, photoionization_data, yg_data, two_photon_data, linelist_atoms, linelist_molecules (base.py:266)
[tardis.io.model.parse_density_configuration][WARNING]
        Number of density points larger than number of shells. Assuming inner point irrelevant (parse_density_configuration.py:114)
[tardis.model.matter.decay][INFO   ]
        Decaying abundances for 1123200.0 seconds (decay.py:101)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 1 of 20 (base.py:450)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        /home/runner/work/tardis/tardis/tardis/transport/montecarlo/montecarlo_main_loop.py:123: NumbaTypeSafetyWarning: unsafe cast from uint64 to int64. Precision may be lost.
  vpacket_collection = vpacket_collections[i]
 (warnings.py:112)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 7.942e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 2.659e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 9.93e+03 K 1.01e+04 K 0.4 0.507
5 9.85e+03 K 1.02e+04 K 0.211 0.197
10 9.78e+03 K 1.01e+04 K 0.143 0.117
15 9.71e+03 K 9.87e+03 K 0.105 0.0869
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 9933.952 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10703.212 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 2 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.071e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.576e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.01e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.507 0.525
5 1.02e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.197 0.203
10 1.01e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.117 0.125
15 9.87e+03 K 1.05e+04 K 0.0869 0.0933
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10703.212 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10673.712 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 3 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.074e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.391e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 1/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.08e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.525 0.483
5 1.1e+04 K 1.12e+04 K 0.203 0.189
10 1.08e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.125 0.118
15 1.05e+04 K 1.06e+04 K 0.0933 0.0895
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10673.712 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10635.953 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 4 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.058e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.352e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 2/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.483 0.469
5 1.12e+04 K 1.12e+04 K 0.189 0.182
10 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.118 0.113
15 1.06e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0895 0.0861
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10635.953 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10638.407 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 5 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.055e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.399e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 3/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.469 0.479
5 1.12e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.182 0.178
10 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.113 0.113
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0861 0.0839
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10638.407 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10650.202 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 6 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.061e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.398e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 4/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.479 0.47
5 1.13e+04 K 1.12e+04 K 0.178 0.185
10 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.113 0.112
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0839 0.0856
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10650.202 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10645.955 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 7 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.061e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.382e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 5/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.47 0.47
5 1.12e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.185 0.178
10 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.112 0.112
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0856 0.086
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10645.955 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10642.050 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 8 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.062e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.350e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 6/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.47 0.472
5 1.13e+04 K 1.14e+04 K 0.178 0.175
10 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.112 0.111
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.086 0.084
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10642.050 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10636.106 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 9 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.052e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.411e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 7/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.472 0.469
5 1.14e+04 K 1.15e+04 K 0.175 0.17
10 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.111 0.109
15 1.07e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.084 0.0822
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10636.106 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10654.313 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 10 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.070e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.335e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 8/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.469 0.475
5 1.15e+04 K 1.14e+04 K 0.17 0.177
10 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.109 0.112
15 1.08e+04 K 1.06e+04 K 0.0822 0.0878
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10654.313 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10628.190 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 11 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.053e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.363e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 9/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.475 0.472
5 1.14e+04 K 1.12e+04 K 0.177 0.184
10 1.11e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.112 0.114
15 1.06e+04 K 1.06e+04 K 0.0878 0.0859
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10628.190 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10644.054 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 12 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.056e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.420e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 10/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.472 0.467
5 1.12e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.184 0.176
10 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.114 0.11
15 1.06e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.0859 0.0821
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10644.054 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10653.543 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 13 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.062e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.406e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 11/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.467 0.466
5 1.13e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.176 0.18
10 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.11 0.111
15 1.08e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.0821 0.0841
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10653.543 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10647.277 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 14 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.063e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.369e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 12/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.466 0.469
5 1.13e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.18 0.182
10 1.11e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.111 0.113
15 1.08e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0841 0.0854
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10647.277 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10638.875 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 15 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.053e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.417e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 13/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.469 0.484
5 1.13e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.182 0.181
10 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.113 0.113
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0854 0.0858
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10638.875 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10655.125 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 16 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.059e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.445e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 14/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.484 0.472
5 1.13e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.181 0.177
10 1.1e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.113 0.113
15 1.07e+04 K 1.06e+04 K 0.0858 0.0858
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10655.125 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10655.561 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 17 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.067e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.372e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 15/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.472 0.468
5 1.13e+04 K 1.14e+04 K 0.177 0.175
10 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.113 0.11
15 1.06e+04 K 1.08e+04 K 0.0858 0.0816
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10655.561 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10636.536 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 18 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.057e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.365e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 16/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.468 0.464
5 1.14e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.175 0.177
10 1.11e+04 K 1.1e+04 K 0.11 0.113
15 1.08e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0816 0.0848
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10636.536 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10641.692 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 19 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.056e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.405e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]
        Iteration converged 17/4 consecutive times. (base.py:262)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Plasma stratification: (base.py:631)
Shell No. t_rad next_t_rad w next_w
0 1.11e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.464 0.466
5 1.13e+04 K 1.13e+04 K 0.177 0.177
10 1.1e+04 K 1.11e+04 K 0.113 0.111
15 1.07e+04 K 1.07e+04 K 0.0848 0.0853
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Current t_inner = 10641.692 K
        Expected t_inner for next iteration = 10650.463 K
 (base.py:658)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Simulation finished in 19 iterations
        Simulation took 74.19 s
 (base.py:548)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Starting iteration 20 of 20 (base.py:450)
[tardis.simulation.base][INFO   ]

        Luminosity emitted   = 1.061e+43 erg / s
        Luminosity absorbed  = 3.401e+42 erg / s
        Luminosity requested = 1.059e+43 erg / s
 (base.py:663)

Plotting the Spectrum

Finally, plot the generated spectrum with matplotlib.

[7]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
[8]:
spectrum = sim.spectrum_solver.spectrum_real_packets
spectrum_virtual = sim.spectrum_solver.spectrum_virtual_packets
spectrum_integrated = sim.spectrum_solver.spectrum_integrated
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        /home/runner/work/tardis/tardis/tardis/spectrum/formal_integral.py:384: UserWarning:

The number of interpolate_shells was not specified. The value was set to 80.

 (warnings.py:112)
[9]:
%matplotlib inline
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6.5))

spectrum.plot(label="Normal packets")
spectrum_virtual.plot(label="Virtual packets")
spectrum_integrated.plot(label='Formal integral')

plt.xlim(500, 9000)
plt.title("TARDIS example model spectrum")
plt.xlabel("Wavelength [$\AA$]")
plt.ylabel("Luminosity density [erg/s/$\AA$]")
plt.legend()
plt.show()
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        <>:10: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        <>:11: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        <>:10: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        <>:11: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        /tmp/ipykernel_4815/3606673508.py:10: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
[py.warnings         ][WARNING]
        /tmp/ipykernel_4815/3606673508.py:11: SyntaxWarning:

invalid escape sequence '\A'

 (warnings.py:112)
_images/quickstart_15_1.svg
[ ]: